Table 1 Demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of study participants

Age, years

33/34/44

43.82 (14.93)

51.97 (11.77)

61.09 (11.79)

<0.001^a,b

Sex

33/34/44

0.64

Male

15 (45.45 %)

17 (50 %)

25 (56.82)

Female

12 (70.59)

17 (50 %)

19 (43.18)

Race

33/34/44

0.25

Caucasians

24 (72.73 %)

19 (55.88 %)

25 (56.82 %)

Hispanics

8 (24.24 %)

15 (44.12 %)

16 (36.36 %)

Others

1 (3.03 %)

0 (0 %)

3 (6.82 %)

Body mass index, kg/m²

33/34/40

24.37 (3.25)

36.33 (10.26)

34.08 (8.28)

<0.001^c

Waist circumference, cm

32/33/35

86.94 (12.07)

116.52 (20.82)

115.57 (18.95)

<0.001^c

Glucose, mg/dL

33/34/37

98 (88, 107)

144 (123, 182)

142 (114, 202)

<0.001^c

Hemoglobin A1C, %

33/31/40

5.2 (4.9, 5.4)

7.5 (6.7, 9.7)

7.6 (6.4, 9.3)

<0.001^c

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

33/34/41

118.09 (31.93)

111.09 (39.15)

101.95 (36.98)

0.16

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

33/34/41

54.97 (16.41)

46.41 (11.60)

43.95 (13.29)

<0.01^c

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

33/34/41

198.12 (41.58)

191.15 (55.56)

182.15 (43.62)

0.35

Triglycerides, mg/dL

33/34/41

128 (96, 182)

162 (124, 258)

166 (135,268)

0.02^d

Fasting Insulin, IU

32/23/25

9.53 (7.68)

17.74 (11.32)

16.76 (13.02)

0.01^c

Urine Microalbumin, mg/mg creatinine

33/33/38

5 (5, 9)

11 (5, 27)

25 (9, 174)

<0.001^c

CRP, mg/dL

16/24/33

1.24 (0.35, 3.77)

6.80 (2.50, 12.43)

7.29 (3.91, 7.29)

<0.001^c

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

33/34/44

0.6 (0.6, 0.8)

0.7 (0.6, 0.9)

1.25 (1.00, 1.90)

<0.001^a

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

33/34/44

120.66 (24.09)

111.13 (25.90)

54.74 (24.97)

<0.001^a