Table 1 Summary of detergents tested using systematic 1D SDS-PAGE analysis. Overall extraction efficacy analyzed by 1D SDS-PAGE or 2-DE separation is expressed qualitatively relative to SDS extraction (for 1D analysis) or CHAPS extraction (for 2-DE). + indicates compatibility but poor perfomance, ++ indicates similar or slightly worse than CHAPS extraction, +++ indicates performance equal to or better than CHAPS, – indicates incompatibility.

SDS

IEF incompatible

CHAPS

Poor extraction of hydrophobic and high molecular weight proteins

trans, trans-farnesol

Natural isoprenoid

MEGA-8^a

Group of nonionic detergents commonly used for protein purification [35,36]

MEGA-9^b

MEGA-10^c

amidosulfobetaine-14 (ASB-14)

Sulfobetaine-based detergents reported to improve membrane protein extraction [24-26]

Zwittergent^® 3–10/SB 3–10^d

LPC (synthetic, lauroyl chain)^e

Zwitterionic lysophospholipid

LPC (egg, mixed chain)^e

Zwitterionic lysophospholipid

LPS (bovine brain)^f

Anionic lysophospholipid, incompatible with IEF

LPE (egg, mixed chain)^g

Zwitterionic lysophospholipid; low solubility in high urea buffer

LPG (egg, mixed chain)^h

Anionic lysophospholipid, incompatible with IEF

LPA (egg, mixed chain)ⁱ

Anionic lysophospholipid, incompatible with IEF

cardiolipin (bovine heart)

Anionic lipid, incompatible with IEF, low solubility in high urea buffer

5,7-docosadiynoic acid

Synthetic fatty acid; low solubility in high urea buffer

lauric acid

Medium chain fatty acid; low solubility in high urea buffer

free fatty acids (mixed)

Mixed natural fatty acids; low solubility in high urea buffer

DODAP^j

Cationic lipid used as a transfection reagent [37], IEF incompatible

1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol

Uncharged monoacylated lipid, very low solubility in high urea buffer

C₁₂E₈ ^k

Nonionic detergent used to study membrane proteins [38]

DL-α-O-benzylglycerol

Amphipathic cyclic glycerol conjugate

tryptophol

Amphipathic heterocyclic metabolite of tryptophan; ionizable at low pH