Fig. 8
Schematic presentation of systematic in C. humilileaves under water deficit. Water deficit inactive photosynthesis and lead to ROS burst, which resulting in the damage to cell membrane. To alleviate ROS toxicity, specific ROS scavenging pathways (e.g., APX, MDHAR, DHAR, GR, GST, GPX, POD, and CAT pathways) are induced. Water stress induces glycolysis, TCA cycle, and pentose phosphatepathway, providing carbon and energy in stressed leaves. In addition, the accumulation of various osmolytes, such as proline and soluble sugar are enhanced. Importantly, water deficit increases the nitrogen and amino acid metabolisms. Solid line with arrow and “T” shape line represent stimulation and inhibition, respectively. The red and green words indicate water deficit-induced and water deficit-reduced cellular processes, respectively. Dashed lines indicate indirect regulations. Abbreviations: APX, ascorbate peroxide; CAT, catalase; DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; MDA, malondialdehyde; MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase; GOX, glycoxylate oxidatase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GST, glutathione-s-transferases; O2 -, superoxide anion; POD, peroxidase; REL, relative electrolyte leakage; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase