Table 2 Metabolomic studies in the case of FSGS, MGN and IgAN

MGN

Urine

GC-MS

dopamine, fumarate, carnosine, nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide, pyridoxal, deoxyguanosine triphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, L-citrulline, nico¬tinamide, deoxyuridine, phenylalanine, tryptamine, succinate

(Taherkhani et al., 2018)

Urine

GC-MS ¹H-NMR

α-hydroxybutyric acid, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, 5α-cholestanone, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid lactone, nicotinamide, epicoprostanol, palmitic acid

(Taherkhani et al., 2019)

Urine, serum

GC/MS

Urine: cis-Aconitic acid, Lactose, Erythritol, Xylitol, Galactitol, Inositol, Glyceric acid, 2,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid, Threonic acid, 2-Deoxyribonic acid, 2-Ketogluconic acid, Glutaric acid, 3-Methylglutaric acid, Adipic acid, 2-Hydroxyglutaric acid, Suberic acid, 3-Hydroxysebacic acid, Mandelic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Vanillic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid, Vanillactic acid, Cytosine, Quinolinic acid, Cholesterol

Serum: m-Cresol, 2-Keto-3-methylvaleric acid, L-Asparagine, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Pyroglutamic acid, Citric acid, Glucose, Cholesterol

(Gao et al., 2012)

IgAN

Urine

LC-MALDI-TOF/MS, proteins arrays, immunomagnetic isolation

8-hydroxy guanosine, dodecanal, leukotriene C4

(Neprasova et al., 2016)

Serum

NOESYPR and TOCSY ¹H-NMR

phenylalanine, lactate, myo-Inositol, L6 lipids, L5 lipids and L3 lipids as well as lower levels of α- and β-glucose, valine, phosphocholine, tyrosine, lysine, isoleucine, glycine, glycerolphosphocholine, glutamate, glutamine, alanine, acetate, 1-methylhistidine and 3-hydroxybutyrate

(Sui et al., 2012)

FSGS

Urine

CPMG ¹H-NMR

citrulline, proline, dimethylamine, acetoacetate, valine, alphaketoisovaleric acid, isobutyrate, histidine, D-Palmitylcarnitine, N-methylnicotinamide

(S. Kalantari et al., 2016)

Urine

CPMG ¹H-NMR

valine, hippurate, pyruvate, isoleucine, citrate, phenylacetylglycine, tyrosine, β-hydroxyisovalerate, 3-methylhistidine, di- methylamine, tri-methyamine

(Hao et al., 2013)