Table 1 Protein markers involved on inflammatory and atherogenic pathways, their cell action and percent of reduction by UAH and EAH 1
Reduction (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Full name | Cell action | UAH | EAH |
TGF-α | Transforming growth factor-α | It is associated with vascular pressure and atherosclerosis[27] | 100 | 100 |
IL-4 | Interleukin-4 | An increase in repair macrophages (M2) is coupled with secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β[28] | 69 | 100 |
IL-32α/β/γ | Interleukin-32α/β/γ | Pro-inflammatory cytokine. Responsible of NF-κB activation[29] | 100 | 85 |
IL-22 | Interleukin-22 | It has a critical role in modulating local inflammation in certain organs[30] | 55 | 70 |
IGFBP-3 | Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 | High levels are related with hypertension and atherosclerosis[31] | 71 | 63 |
TNF-α | Tumor Necrosis Factor-α | It is expressed by the action of different stimulus, like LPS. It acts as pro-inflammatory stimulus[32] | 60 | 63 |
GM-CSF | Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | Its function is as a white blood cell growth factor. It is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade[33] | 59 | 63 |
GRO-α | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-1 | It is a pro-inflammatory chemokine and is secreted by monocytes in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli[34] | 62 | 62 |
Resistin/ADSF | Adipose tissue-specific secretory factor | It is a pro-inflammatory cytokine[35] | 14NS | 62 |
TfR | Transferrin receptor-1 | Involved in the apoptosis of endothelial cells[36] | 48 | 61 |
GDF-15 | Growth differentiation factor 15 | It has a role in regulating inflammatory pathway[37] | NS | 60 |
IL-11 | Interleukin-11 | It is rather pro-inflammatory in chronic inflammation[38] | 66 | 57 |
FGF-19 | Fibroblast growth factor-19 | Inhibited the hepatic fatty acid synthesis[39] | 61 | 56 |
MIF | Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | It encodes a lymphokine involved in cell-mediated immunity, immunoregulation and inflammation[40] | 46 | 53 |
IL-1α | Interleukin-1 α | It can induce the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)[41] | 41 | 53 |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 | In chronic inflammation it is rather proinflammatory[42] | 64 | 52 |
IL-12p70 | Interleukin-12p70 | It is a key YH-1 cytokine that drives inflammation in numerous models of intestinal inflammation[43] | 100 | 51 |
PDGF-AA | Platelet-derived growth factor-AA | It has been linked to atherosclerosis[44] | 50 | 49 |
RANTES | Chemokine(C-C motif) ligand-5 | Involved in several clinical inflammatory conditions, such as atherosclerosis[45] | 33NS | 47 |
EMMPRIN | Extracellular-matrix metalloproteinase inducer | It is involved in cytokines activation[46] | NS | 46 |
MCP-1 | Monocyte-chemo attractant protein-1 | It has been linked with chronic inflammatory diseases and atherosclerosis[4, 47] | 35 | 42 |
SDF-1α | Stromal derived cell factor-1α | It can activate the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)[48] | 19NS | 41 |
ICAM-1 | Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 | Adhesion of monocytes is mediated by ICAM-1[4] | NS | 40 |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1 β | Low and high levels produced inflammation, resulting in tissue damage and tumor invasiveness[41] | NS | 40 |
MMP-9 | Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 | Over-expression produces some disorders like inflammation and atherosclerosis[17] | NS | 38 |
PTX-3 | Petraxin-3 | Inflammatory marker thought to be more specific to vascular[49] | 77 | NS |