Table 2 Functional characterization of the proteins with differential abundance between PCa and BPH and association with urogenital cancers
Protein name | Symbol | Expression (PCa/BPH) | Biological function | Association with PCa a | Association with urogenital cancers a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serotransferrin | TF | Down-regulated | Iron transport, acute-phase response, stimulation of cell proliferation | ||
Alpha-1-antitrypsin | SERPINA1 | Down-regulated | Blood coagulation, acute phase response, hemostasis | Differentially expressed, tissue [30]; Up-regulated, serum [31]; Down-regulated, serum [21] | Up-regulated, urine, bladder cancer [32]; |
Vitamin D-binding protein | GC | Down-regulated | Vitamin D metabolic process, vitamin transport, transmembrane transport | Differentially expressed, tissue [33] | |
Fibrinogen gamma chain | FGG | Down-regulated | Cell activation, protein complex assembly, response to stress, signal transduction, blood coagulation, hemostasis | Differentially expressed, tissue [30] | Degradation products in urine - markers for bladder cancer [34]; Up-regulated, urine, bladder cancer [35] |
Thymidine phosphorylase | TYMP | Down-regulated | DNA replication, angiogenesis, response to stimulus | Potential marker for PCa [28] | Up-regulated, tissue, renal cell carcinoma [36] |
Gelsolin | GSN | Up-regulated | Promote the assembly of monomers into filaments, transport, apoptosis, response to stress | Differentially expressed, tissue [33]; Down-regulated, tissue [37] | |
Fibrinogen alpha chain | FGA | Up-regulated | Cell activation, protein complex assembly, response to stress, signal transduction, blood coagulation, hemostais | Degradation products in urine - markers for bladder cancer [34]; Up-regulated, urine, bladder cancer [35] | |
Endonuclease domain-containing 1 protein | ENDOD1 | Up-regulated | Unknown, may act as DNase/RNase | Potential marker for PCa [28] | |
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase rififylin | RFFL | Up-regulated | Protein transport, proteolysis, apoptosis | Potential marker for PCa [28] | |
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 | ITIH4 | Up-regulated | Acute inflammatory response, carbohydrate metabolic process, nitrogen compound metabolic process | Up-regulated, urine [23]; | |
Down-regulated, serum [31] | |||||
Quinone oxidoreductase-like protein 1 | CRYZL1 | Up-regulated | Quinone cofactor metabolic process, cellular metabolic process | Potential marker for PCa [28] | |
Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 | ILF2 | Up-regulated | Immune response, regulation of transcription, nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process | Potential marker for PCa [28] | |
Vesicular integral-membrane protein VIP36 | LMAN2 | Up-regulated | Protein localization, protein transport, macromolecule localization | ||
Protein AMBP (Alpha-1-microglobulin/ bikunin precursor) | AMBP | Up-regulated | Cell adhesion, immune response, regulator of biological processes, regulation of signal transduction | Up-regulated, urine [23]; | |
Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase | PTGDS | Up-regulated | Fatty acit metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, transport | Up-regulated, urine [38] | |
Apolipoprotein A-I | APOA1 | Down-regulated | Regulation of cytokine production, regulation of lipid transport, lipid metabolism | Differentially expressed, tissue [30]; Down-regulated, serum [31]; Down-regulated, serum [21] | Up-regulated, urine, bladder cancer [35] |
Laminin G Like Domain 3 From Human Perlecan | HSPG2 | Up-regulated | Developmental processes, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, localization | ||
CD59 glycoprotein | CD59 | Up-regulated | Response to stress, cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, blood coagulation, hemostasis, response to external stimulus | ||
Secreted and transmembrane protein 1 | SECTM1 | Up-regulated | Immune response, regulation of signal transduction, multicellular organismal development | ||
Haptoglobin (α-chain) | HP | Down-regulated | Proteolysis, cellular iron ion homeostasis, response to stress, defense response, metabolic process | Down-regulated, urine [38]; | Up-regulated, urine, bladder cancer [35] |
Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 | MASP2 | Up-regulated | Complement activation, lectin pathway, activation of immune response | ||
Transthyretin | TTR | Down-regulated | Transport, localization, establishment of localization | Up-regulated, serum [31] | |
Uromodulin | UMOD | Down-regulated | Response to stress, cellular defense response, regulation of cell proliferation | Down-regulated, urine [26] |